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Abaxial - located on
the side away from the axis; that is, on the lower side of the leaf blade.
Acuminate - grass leaf blade gradually tapering to along point.
Acute - sharply pointed grass leaf blade.
Adaxial - located on the side towards the axis; that is, on the upper
side of the leaf blade.
Adventitious root - A root that arise from any organ other than from
primary or secondary roots.
Auricle - an ear-like appendage projecting from the junction of the leaf
blade and sheath.
Axile - the upper angle formed between the leaf blade and the stem.
Axillary bud - a vegetative bud arising at the junction of a leaf and the
stem.
Bench setting - the height (above a level surface) at which the cutting
edge or bed knife of a mower is set.
Bulbous - having a modified shoot consisting of a small fleshy disc-like
stem which bears leaves above and roots below.
Bunch type growth - some turf grasses simply develop a fibrous root
system and don't form rhizomes or stolons. Plant development is by intravaginal
tillering at or near the surface.
Collar - the thickened area on the outside or back of a leaf at the
junction of the blade and sheath.
Compost- a mixture of organic residues and soil that has been piled,
moistened, and allowed to decompose.
Cool-season turf grass - a turf grass adapted to favourable growth during
the cool parts of the growing season. Optimum temperature range for growth in
the low twenties. Includes grasses belonging to the Festucoid subfamily.
Coring - a form of cultivation. A hollow prong or spoon removes soil
cores.
Creeping growth habit - plant development by extravaginal stem growth at or near
the soil surface with lateral spreading by rhizomes or stolons.
Crown - that portion of the grass plant from which roots are initiated.
Culm - the "straw" or hollow stem of a grass.
Cultivar - a growth of plants distinguished by many characteristics,
including morphological, cytological, etc., which when reproduces either
sexually or asexually, retain their distinguishing features.
Cultural intensity - the time, money and effort (mowing, fertilization,
irrigation, cultivation, and pest control) needed to maintain a particular turf
grass.
particular turf grass.
Desiccation -drying injury to turf grass caused by soil or atmospheric
moisture stress.
Dethatching - the removal of an excessive thatch accumulation.
Evaporanspiration - the loss of water by plant transpiration and soil
evaporation.
Extravaginal - shoot growth that occurs through an enclosing leaf sheath.
Fallowing - the soil lies tilled and unplanted for a period of time, then
germinating weeds are killed by periodic tilling.
Filiform - a long, slender, cylindrical grass leaf
Fumigant - a volatile chemical gas that kills seeds, weeds, fungi,
nematodes, insects, and other pests with its vapour.
Germination - the development and growth of a shoot from a seed, bud, or
spore.
Glabrous - lack of hair.
Herbicide - a chemical that kills undesirable weedy plants or inhibits
normal growth.
Hydro-mulching - seed, mulch and water mixed together and applied by
commercial applicator.
Hydro-seeding - seed and water mixed together and applied by commercial
applicator.
Hydro-sprigging - sprigs, mulch, tackifier and water are mixed and
applied by commercial applicator.
Inert matter - on a seed label, the percentage content (by weight) of
materials present other than viable seeds.
Inflorescence - the flowering portion of the shoot. It includes the
spikelets and the supporting axis or branch stem.
Instant turf - a portable platform of turf which can be transported to
another location.
Internode - the portion of a stem between two nodes.
Intravaginal - shoot growth that occurs within an enclosing leaf sheath
Involute - margins of the leaf blade are rolled inward towards the top of
the leaf.
Keeled - a prominent ridge on the backside of leaves and seeds.
Larva - the immature form of certain insects, after hatching and before
the pupa stage; a caterpillar or grub.
Lateral shoot - a shoot originating from a vegetative bud in the axil of
a leaf or from a node in a stem, rhizome or stolon.
Leaching - the washing of soluble materials from the soil by the movement
of water (deep irrigation or rain).
Leaching -the washing of soluble materials from the soil by the downward
movement of water (deep irrigation or rain).
Leaf blade - this is the upper part of the leaf that extends away from
the stem region at the point where it is attached to the sheath. The blade, in
cross-section, may be flat, V-shaped or thread-like. The leaf tip may be sharply
pointed or "boated shaped"
Leaf sheath - this is the part of the grass leaf that surrounds the stem.
The leaf sheath may have over-lapping, open or closed margins.
Ligule - the erect tissue, either hairy or membranous, projecting from
the inside of the grass leaf at the junction of the sheath and blade.
Meristem - undifferentiated tissues(ie. Not yet formed into specialised
plant tissues) with cells which are capable of cell division.
Mid-rib - the central vein of a grass leaf extending from the stem to the
leaf tip.
Mulch - a layer of leaves, straw, or other loose natural or synthetic
material that is spread across the soil to control soil erosion and/or retain
moisture.
retain moisture.
Nematocide - a chemical or physical agent that kills, inhibits, or
prevents nematodes.
Nematode - microscopic, eel-like, round worms that are widely distributed
in plants, animals, and soil.
Node - solid, swollen joints on the stem; the region from which roots
originate.
Obtuse - a blunt or rounded leaf tip.
Overseeding, winter - the seeding of warm season turf grasses with cool
season species to maintain a green, actively growing lawn during the dormancy
period of warm season grasses.
Perennial - plants persisting for more than two years.
Pesticide - a chemical or physical agent that kills pests.
Petiole - a term used to describe leaves that are held on a stem by leaf
stalj or "petiole"
pH - a notation designating the degree of acidity or alkalinity of the
soil; expressed in terms of the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion
concentration. Measured on a scale of 1 to 14, neutral is 7. 1 being highly
acidic and 14 being highly alkaline.
Plugging - propagation of grasses by means of plugs or small sod pieces
which are pushed into or otherwise planted into the ground.
Plugging -vegetative propagation of grasses by means of plugs or small
sod pieces.
Polystand - a turf grass community composed of two or more varieties
and/or species.
Polystand compatibility - the degree to which turf- grass species and
varieties grow together harmoni-ously so that a quality turf is achieved in
terms of leaf texture, growth habit, color, density, and vertical growth rate.
Propagation - the multiplication of plants.
Propagule - in turf, vegetative plant segments (usually rhizomes or
stolons) that initiate new plants.
Pubescent - Very short, soft hair.
Pupa - the resting stage of an insect between the larva and adult forms.
Recuperative potential - the ability of turf grasses to recover from
injury through vegetative growth from lateral creeping stems (rhizomes and
stolons).
Reestablishment - rebuilding a lawn by complete removal of any existing
turf, followed by site preparation and planting.
Renovation - improvement of an existing lawn through seeding or
vegetative planting without complete rebuilding or loss of the existing species.
Rhizomatous species - a grass species that spreads by means of below
ground lateral stems (rhizomes).
Rhizome - horizontal stems that grow below the surface of the soil and
initiate roots and shoots.
Root zone - the upper 6 to 8 inches of soil in which most of the turf
grass roots are concentrated.
Salinity - an excess of soluble salts in the soil; turf -grass growth and
quality are impaired.
Scalping - excessive removal of green leaves at any one mowing results in
a stubbly, brown appearance.
Seed head - floral development; in the case of grasses, usually a
fruiting cluster or spike.
Seeding - applying seed to a prepared plant bed.
Seeding rate - the amount of seed applied per unit area (usually 1,000
square metres).
Seminal root - the primary root and all other roots arising from
embryonic tissue.
Shoot density - the number of shoots (an individual stem plus attached
leaves) per unit surface area.
Slicing - turfgrass cultivation; disks or V-shaped knives produce a deep
vertical cut which leaves openings in the soil.
Soil reaction - the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a soil expressed
as a pH value.
Soil texture - the relative proportions of various soil size groups-sand,
silt, and clay.
Species - a unit of plant classification; individuals are of common
genetic descent.
Spiking - turf grass cultivation; shallow perforations are made in the
turf grass surface by solid tines or blades.
Sprigging - the vegetative planting of stolons and/or rhizomes (sprigs)
in furrows or small holes.
Stockpile - in site preparation, good quality topsoil is removed and
later redistributed over the site when construction is completed.
Stolon - horizontal stems grow above the soil surface and initiate new
shoots and roots.
Stoloniferous species - a grass species that spreads by means of
aboveground lateral stems (stolons).
Stolonizing - vegetative planting (stolons) by broad-casting over a
prepared plant bed, followed by pressing in with a slicer/roller or top dressing
and rolling.
Subgrade - the surface grade of a lawn site prior to the addition of
topsoil.
Thatching - an excessive thatch accumulation.
Tiller - an erect-growing, ground-level shoot (tillering).
Transplant rooting capability - the rate and extent of root growth from a
transplanted sod into the underlying soil.
Truncate - very blunt, terminating abruptly.
Venation - the arrangement of veins in a leaf.
Vernation - the arrangement of the youngest leaf in the bud shoot.
Vertical mowing - a procedure used in thatch removal and renovation;
vertically operated blades or wire tines cut perpendicularly into the turf.
Warm season turf grasses - A turf grass species adapted to favourable
growth during warm conditions. Optimum growth occurs at temperatures in low
thirties. Includes grasses belonging to the Eragrostoid and Panicoid
sub-families.
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